Adam (عليه السلام, peace be upon him) is, in Islam, the first human being and the first prophet. Allah created him from clay, shaped him and breathed into him of the spirit He created (Quran 15:26–29, 38:71–72), and made him a khalifah, a successive authority, on Earth (2:30).
Allah taught Adam "the names, all of them", knowledge the angels did not have (2:31–33). He then commanded the angels to prostrate to Adam in honour; all did except Iblis, who refused out of arrogance (2:34, 7:11–12, 38:73–76).
Adam and his wife lived in the Garden and were told not to approach one tree. Satan whispered to them and they ate from it. They turned to Allah saying "Our Lord, we have wronged ourselves" (7:23); Adam received words from his Lord and Allah accepted his repentance (2:37), then chose and guided him (20:122). They were sent down to Earth with the promise of guidance for those who follow it (2:38).
The Quran says Allah chose Adam above the worlds (3:33), likens the creation of Jesus to that of Adam, created from dust (3:59), and honours the children of Adam (17:70). In Sahih al-Bukhari (3326) the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said Allah created Adam sixty cubits tall and taught him to greet the angels with "As-salamu alaykum", the greeting of his descendants. Sahih Muslim (854) records that Adam was created, entered Paradise and was sent out of it on a Friday. His wife is named Hawwa (Eve) in the hadith tradition.
Main Quran passages: 2:30–38, 7:11–27, 15:26–44, 17:61–65, 20:115–123, 38:71–85.
Sources: Quran 2:30–39 on Quran.com · Sahih al-Bukhari 3326 on Sunnah.com · Sahih Muslim 854 on Sunnah.com.